An efficient and scalable synthesis of 2,4-di-N-acetyl-l-altrose (l-2,4-Alt-diNAc).

Bacterial nonulosonic acids such as pseudaminic acids and others constitute a family of 9-carbon monosaccharides that contain a common 3-deoxy-2-ketoacid fragment but differ in their stereochemistries at 5 stereogenic centers between C-4 to C-8. Their unique structures make them attractive targets for use as antigens in vaccinations to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections and their challenging stereochemistries have attracted considerable attention from chemists. In this work we report the development of an improved synthesis for 2,4-di-N-acetyl-l-altrose (l-2,4-Alt-diNAc), which is a key hexose required for the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of pseudaminic acids. Using l-fucose as a starting material, our synthesis overcomes several pitfalls in previously reported syntheses.

An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by anaerobic gut microbiota in the large bowel. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of SCFAs in the intestinal tract and the fecal samples are important to understand the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota and host metabolism homeostasis. To develop a new LC-MS/MS method for sensitive and reliable analysis of SCFAs in human fecal samples, 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3NPH) was employed for pre-analytical derivatization to convert ten C2-C6 SCFAs to their 3-nitrophenylhydrazones under a single set of optimized reaction conditions and without the need of reaction quenching. The derivatives showed excellent in-solution chemical stability. They were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and quantitated by negative-ion electrospray ionization - multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS. To achieve accurate quantitation, the stable isotope-labeled versions of the derivatives were synthesized in a single reaction vessel from (13)C6-3NPH, and were used as internal standard to compensate for the matrix effects in ESI. Method validation showed on-column limits of detection and quantitation over the range from low to high femtomoles for the ten SCFAs, and the intra-day and inter-day precision for determination of nine of the ten SCFAs in human fecal samples was ≤8.8% (n=6). The quantitation accuracy ranged from 93.1% to 108.4% (CVs≤4.6%, n=6). This method was used to determine the SCFA concentrations and compositions in six human fecal samples. One of the six samples, which was collected from a clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient showed a significantly high molar ratio of branch-chain SCFAs to straight-chain SCFAs than the others. In summary, this work provides a new LC-MS/MS method for precise and accurate quantitation of SCFAs in human feces.